How Societal Views Impact Liability Costs

Jury Trials and Awards

While only 5 percent of lawsuits ever result in a jury trial, knowing the potential outcome for a defendant shapes the future of underwriting and pricing risks in the industry. Because of its impact on rising costs, it is critical to explore what is causing the public to shift sympathy in support of the plaintiff.

Over the last 5-to-6 years, we have seen a steady increase in awards given by juries. We have also witnessed an overall increase in the number of cases going to trial, especially in cases valued at up to a million dollars. So, what is happening with liability juries to drive these large reports? One of our experts breaks down the major areas of concern.

The perception of the value of money has changed since the financial crisis. Juries share a common view that defendants can pay out larger sums of money to a plaintiff. Much of this is based around our daily exposure to larger sum verdicts in the media, further desensitizing the public and making it appear more common and acceptable. Juries also believe defendants should still pay out a verdict even if there is substantial evidence they were not at fault because the plaintiff deserves compensation.

Media outlets and social media are impacting public opinion. Anyone with a social media account can attest that ideas are more extreme and less filtered than what someone would be willing to express in person. Since these ideas are more commonly expressed, it tends to validate the public's ideas or thoughts, making it harder to change their minds. For example, we are seeing an increase in jury awards against police officers, even in cases where the evidence supports that the officer acted appropriately. There is a true struggle to overcome these types of societal prejudices as media-based opinions become more prolific.

Bad Faith, Litigation Financing, and Other Challenges

The litigation environment is ever-changing due to the effects of social inflation, not only statewide but also at the national level. Expansion of bad faith, litigation financing, and the statute of limitations are just a few of the challenges facing insurers today. One of our guests summarized these issues and cases where we are seeing problematic outcomes that continue to gain traction with changing public opinion.

Bad faith. The original intention of bad faith was to hold an insurer responsible when particularly egregious acts have been committed and when a worker has been intentionally put in harm's way. However, due to states expanding and adding terms to these claims, the terms have sometimes been lowered to below negligent standards. We are now seeing instances where insurers have one minor incident and get hit with punitive damages. Often, it can be a result of simply a statutory deadline being missed, where no one was harmed, but it is used as a punishment toward the insurer.

One of the most common effects of bad faith litigation is added costs to the system. Florida, for example, has long been known as one of the most challenging jurisdictions for insurers in the context of bad faith, and vehicle owners recently paid $1.2 billion in added costs based on outcomes of bad faith litigation.

Litigation financing. This has become a regulatory vacuum where companies or individuals actively finance litigation in exchange for a percentage of the settlement/verdict. This results in longer litigation and more cases going to trial and can also create a conflict of interest among parties. It creates a major concern for expansive litigation and furthers the need to investigate the motivations behind these cases. We see more instances of hedge funds getting involved simply because of the return on investment it provides them.

These situations don't always mean the plaintiff will be better off. For example, in one case in New York, the plaintiff was allowed to borrow $27,000, and the case settled 5 years later for $150,000. The lending company took $100,000, and the attorneys took the rest, leaving $111 for the plaintiff.

Statute of limitations. The guidelines for when a claim can be filed have been changing rapidly on a state-by-state basis due to loosening laws across the country. These changing laws significantly impact public entities, school districts, or other institutions, specifically relating to the ability of a claim to be filed retroactively in a childhood sexual assault case or abuse claim. Some states have expanded the limitations beyond expiration dates, some allow for a period of discoverability, and some allow for a look-back period.

California, for example, passed a law allowing for a look-back period that extends the time a file can be claimed up to 5 years. This has extended previous claims of viability from the age of 26 to the age of 40. However, the court's interpretation will determine whether these claims can be filed based on current policies

Litigation Solutions

Although we often cannot avoid litigation, there are measures we can utilize to prevent excessive jury awards. While none of these promise a guaranteed favorable outcome based on societal determinants, our guests suggest them as a means of changing your overall approach.

Change how cases are worked up from the beginning. A specific case that came out of the Texas fifth circuit sought to change a law to closely mirror a direct action state like Louisiana, allowing the layers below an insurer to settle out and fund the case, leaving the excess insurers above them with the obligation to defend the case. Litigation changes like this will result in excess insurers having to completely adjust due to changing defense costs and exposures. Understanding how to educate the jury, providing expert testimony, and getting all parties on the same page will need to be in the basic setup of a case.

Advocate for early intervention and get all parties on the same page. Before litigation begins, you should ask yourself what your discovery process looks like. Are you interviewing all potential witnesses and figuring out what the fact pattern may look like? Do you know the answers to questions that the jury may seek out later on in trial? Do you have the facts that will allow you to empower the jury? Ensure that there is a consistent message and always take more of an anticipatory approach than a reactive one.

Educate the jury on what is reasonable and factual. Because of social inflation's impact on a jury's prejudice, it is imperative to empower jury members with facts and reason. For example, do you know what the jury views as a reasonable award that would properly compensate the injured? In hospital charges, billings are often inflated up to 300–600 percent higher than what the facilities regularly accept from insurance companies.

Legislative Solutions

Tort reform is a key element in combatting these rising jury awards. Stakeholders need to educate legislators on the societal costs of these large awards. This is no easy path. Businesses need to get involved with state and local bar associations and work with political action committees to reform efforts affecting this type of legislation.

The awards being seen today are from accidents that happened several years ago. That means the industry is probably looking at several more years of accident year combined ratios above 100 percent before rates are adequate for the reality of the exposures being faced.

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